Family Branding

Family marking is a showcasing procedure that includes selling a few related items under one brand name. Family marking is otherwise called umbrella marking. It appears differently in relation to singular item marking, in which every item in a portfolio is given a one of a kind brand name and personality. There are regularly economies of degree related with family marking since a few items can be effectively advanced with a solitary promotion or crusade. Family marking encourages new item presentations by inspiring a natural brand name, which can prompt preliminary buy, item acknowledgment, or different favorable circumstances. Family marking forces on the brand proprietor a more noteworthy weight to keep up reliable quality. In the event that the nature of one item in the brand family is undermined, it could affect on the notoriety of all the others. Hence family marking is commonly restricted to product offerings that comprise of results of comparable quality. 2. Family marking is a sort of advertising strategy. It includes utilizing one brand name to advertise numerous items. For instance, an organization may utilize one brand to showcase cleanser, salve, hair cleanser, and nail clean. This contrasts from marking singular items, which includes giving every item its own name and picture. For instance, an organization may sell lipstick and nail clean, giving every product offering a different promoting personality. The thought behind family marking is that an organization can make a wide scope of items both attractive and beneficial by giving them each of the one conspicuous name. At that point, by building acknowledgment of this brand name, an organization can likewise construct client devotion. At the point when the organization presents new items or even makes changes to existing items, it can rely upon client unwaveringness to guarantee its market will buy the new or modified item. Also, family marking, makes it conceivable to utilize a promoting effort to effectively showcase a scope of items rather than only each in turn. Regularly, organizations in the food business utilize family marking procedures to showcase their items. For instance, an organization may make and sell bread, potato chips, solidified food, and fixings all under one exceptionally unmistakable name. This umbrella marking may mean such organizations will sell more than they would with singular marking. A few customers are bound to pick an item with a recognizable name more than one that is less notable, regardless of whether the realized brand is increasingly costly. . Brands †Brand names Introduction How should mark names be picked? Is the name significant? Advertising hypothesis recommends that there are three principle sorts of brand name: (1) Family brand names: A family brand name is utilized for all items. By building client trust and unwaveringness to the family brand name, all it ems that utilization the brand can profit. Genuine models remember brands for the food business, including Kellogg’s, Heinz and Del Monte. Obviously, the utilization of a family brand can likewise make issues on the off chance that one of the items gets awful exposure or is a disappointment in a market. This can harm the notoriety of an entire scope of brands. (2) Individual brand names: An individual brand name doesn't recognize a brand with a specific organization. For instance, take the instance of Heinz. Heinz is a main worldwide food maker with a solid family brand. In any case, it additionally works some notable individual brand names. Models incorporate Farleys (infant food), Linda MacCartney Foods (veggie lover dinners) and Weight Watcher’s Foods (diet/thinning dinners and enhancements). For what reason does Heinz utilize singular brand names when it has such a solid family brand name? There are a few reasons why a brand needs a different character †disconnected to the family brand name: †¢ The item might be contending in another market fragment where disappointment could hurt the principle family brand name †¢ The family brand name might be situated improperly for the objective market portion. For instance the family brand name may be situated as an upmarket brand for rich purchasers. †¢ The brand may have been gained; at the end of the day it has just settled itself as a main brand in the market section. The way that it has been obtained by an organization with a solid family brand name doesn't imply that the gained brand must be changed. (3) Combination brand names: A blend brand name unites a family brand name and an individual brand name. The thought here is to give some relationship to the item with a solid family brand name however keeping up some uniqueness so clients comprehend what they are getting. Instances of blend brand names incorporate Microsoft XP and Microsoft Office in individualized computing programming and Heinz Tomato Ketchup and Heinz Pet Foods. What are the highlights f a decent brand name? Brand names ought to be picked cautiously since the name passes on a ton of data to a client. The accompanying rundown contains contemplations that ought to be settled on before settling on a last decision of brand name: A decent brand name should: †¢ Evoke positive affiliations †¢ Be anything but difficult to articulate and recall †¢ Suggest item benefits â⠂¬ ¢ Be particular †¢ Use numerals when stressing innovative highlights †¢ Not encroach existing enrolled brand names * Family marking is kind of advertising strategy which includes the utilization of one brand name for the offer of a few related items. For instance, an organization may utilize one brand to showcase cleanser, cream, hair cleanser, and nail clean. It contrasts from the individual item marking which gives a one of a kind brand name and character for every item. Family marking helps the presentation of new items by conjuring a well known brand name, which can prompt preliminary buy, item acknowledgment, or different favorable circumstances. It likewise advances lower promoting expenses and market acknowledgment of its items. Family marking is otherwise called umbrella marking. The idea of family marking permits an organization to make a wide scope of items both alluring and beneficial by giving them every one of the a solitary brand name. The prominence achieved with the brand name encourages the organization to fabricate client reliability. At the point when the organization presents new items or even makes changes to existing items, it can rely upon client dependability to guarantee its market will buy the new or adjusted item. Besides, family marking permits an organization to effectively showcase a scope of items by only one publicizing effort. Family marking incurs on the brand proprietor a more noteworthy weight to support steady quality. Family marking is for the most part restricted to items that have comparable quality, in light of the fact that any harm to the nature of one item in the brand family will influence the notoriety of all the others Family brand or umbrella brand by administrator on October 26, 2006 FAMILY/UMBRELLA BRAND When a gathering of items are given a similar brand name, it turns into an instance of family brand/umbrella brand. For this situation, various results of the organization are advertised under one brand name. The models given underneath are subtleties of some family marks. Family marking/umbrella don't imply that whole item blend of the organization ought to go under single brand name. An organization may fall back on various marking approaches for various product offerings. Amul is a case of family/umbrella brand. Amul is the basic brand name for the companyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s milk powder, spread, ghee and milk chocolates. Vijay is the family brand name for the results of Vijay Electricals, Mixer-processors, electric irons, electric pots, water radiators and different results of the organization go under the aâ‚ ¬? Vijayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ brand. Videocon is a family brand name for an assortment of results of Videocon Corporation. Its TVs, VCRs, fridges, clothes washers and climate control systems go under the Videocon brand name. Godrej is another family brand. A few product offerings of the organization and a few items in every one of the lines go under the brand name Godrej. The items incorporate locks, steel cabinets, office furniture electronic typewriters, work area printers, coolers, forced air systems and so forth. The organization likewise utilizes separate brand names for some different lines. In cleansers, it has singular brands like Cinthol and Ganga. In cleansers, it has singular brands like key and Biz. Johnsonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is another family brand. The organization Johnson and Johnson sells a significant number of its infant care items under the Johnsonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand name †Johnsonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Baby Powder, Johnsonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Baby cleanser, Johnsonaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Baby Shampoo and so forth. BPL is another critical family brand around five dozen results of the organization go under the brand name BPL. It additionally happens to be the organization name. On account of Amul, it is an umbrella/family brand name for one line of results of the organization. As referenced before, Amul is an umbrella brand for NDDBaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s milk and milk-related and milk-related items. Also, Dhara is an umbrella brand for the companyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cooking oil line. Dhara is an umbrella brand for seven kinds of oil promoted by the organization †Dhara mustard oil, Dhara groundnut oil, Dhara sunflower oil and so forth. Advantages of Family marking It is advantageous to embrace a family brand for related items. Advancement of such items becomes simpler and more affordable under a family brand. Be that as it may, the advertiser in such cases needs to guarantee that all the items offered under the family brand keep up similar norms of value. On the off chance that one item in the gathering turns into a low quality item, it will influence the whole scope of items under it. At the end of the day, in family marking, there is a composite obligation among the items going under the brand. A significant advantage in giving family brand name is that publicizing and advancement exertion can be consolidated for all the items falling under the family brand; the promoting spending plan can be extended more than a few more than a few items. For instance, Johnson and Johnson, with a wide item run in the child c

Scam free essay sample

The Ketan Parekh Scam The Crash that Shook the Nation The 176-point1 Sensex2 crash on March 1, 2001 came as a significant stun for the Government of India, the securities exchanges and the financial specialists the same. All the more in this way, as the Union financial plan postponed every day sooner had been acclaimed for its development activities and had incited a 177-point increment in the Sensex. This abrupt accident in the financial exchanges provoked the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to dispatch prompt examinations concerning the instability of financial exchanges. SEBI likewise chose to assess the books of a few specialists who were associated with setting off the accident. In the interim, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) requested a few banks to outfit information identified with their capital market presentation. This was after media reports showed up with respect to a private area bank3 having surpassed its prudential standards of capital presentation, along these lines adding to the financial exchange unpredictability. The frenzy run on the bourses proceeded and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) President Anand Rathis (Rathi) abdication added to the destruction. Rathi needed to leave following charges that he had utilized some favored data, which added to the accident. The trick shook the financial specialists trust in the general working of the securities exchanges. Before the finish of March 2001, at any rate eight individuals were accounted for to have ended it all and many financial specialists were headed to the verge of chapter 11. 1 A difference in Re. 1 in the cost of an offer when one discusses an offer rising or falling by such a significant number of focuses. In financial exchange lists, be that as it may, a point is one unit of the composite weighted normal on showcase capitalization of rupee esteems. 2 A financial exchange record demonstrating weighted normal of 30 contents, otherwise called the BSE Sensitive Index. The every day shutting figure of this list extensively mirrors the exhibition of the capital markets. 3 It was asserted that Global Trust Bank surpassed its Capital market presentation. The trick opened up the discussion over banks subsidizing capital market tasks and loaning assets against guarantee security. It likewise brought up issues about the legitimacy of double control of co-employable banks4. (Experts called attention to that RBI was reviewing the records once in two years, which made sufficient extension for infringement of rules. ) The primary capture in the trick was of the prominent bull5, Ketan Parekh (KP), on March 30, 2001, by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Before long, reports proliferated with respect to how KP had without any help caused probably the greatest trick throughout the entire existence of Indian money related markets. He was accused of duping Bank of India (BoI) of about $30 million among different charges. KPs capture was trailed by one more frenzy run on the bourses and the Sensex fell by 147. At this point, the trick had become the discussion of the country, with escalated media inclusion and phenomenal open clamor. The Man Who Triggered the Crash KP was a contracted bookkeeper by calling and used to deal with a privately-owned company, NH Securities began by his dad. Known for keeping up a position of safety, KPs just questionable distinguishing strength was in 1992, when he was denounced in the stock trade scam6. He was known as the Bombay Bull and had associations with 4 Co-employable banks are under the double control of RBI and the Registrar of Co-usable Societies. The RBI controls banking capacities while the enlistment center takes care of the administrative and managerial capacities. 5 A speculator who expects share costs to go up and subsequently gets them. 6 When the loan fees were liberated in mid-1989, it made the cost of the two securities and cash increasingly unpredictable, and expanded the connection between the protections and currency markets. With cost unpredictability and expanded volumes, protections broking turned into a beneficial action. The rising volumes were financed by banks through bank receipts (BR is an archive given by a bank recognizing that it has offered certain administration protections to a gathering and got installment). The trick became exposed when RBI requested that the SBI show the bank receipts, and it was discovered that Rs 6. 22 billion not been accommodated and was untraceable. The cash associated with the trick was in the end discovered to be well over Rs 30 billion. ovie stars, lawmakers and in any event, driving worldwide business visionaries like Australian media big shot Kerry Packer, who banded together KP in KPV Ventures, a $250 million funding reserve that put mostly in new economy organizations. Throughout the years, KP assembled a system of organizations, for the most part in Mumbai, associated with securities exchange tasks. The ascent of ICE (Information, Communications, and Enterta inment) stocks everywhere throughout the world in mid 1999 prompted an ascent of the Indian financial exchanges too. The dotcom boom7 added to the Bull Run8 drove by an upward pattern in the NASDAQ9. The organizations wherein KP held stakes included Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited (ABCL), Mukta Arts, Tips and Pritish Nandy Communications. He additionally had stakes in HFCL, Global Telesystems (Global), Zee Telefilms, Crest Communications, and PentaMedia Graphics KP chose these organizations for venture with assistance from his examination group, which recorded high development organizations with a little capital base. As per media reports, KP exploited low liquidity in these stocks, which inevitably came to be known as the K-10 stocks. The offers were held through KPs organization, Triumph International. In July 1999, he held around 1. million offers in Global. KP controlled around 16% of Globals skimming stock, 25% of Aftek Infosys, and 15% each in Zee and HFCL. The light financial exchanges from January to July 1999 helped the K-10 stocks increment in esteem significantly 7 The online business unrest had prompted a gigantic upsurge in the estimation of innovation stocks ov er the globe, particularly Internet adventures. This came to be known as the dotcom blast. 8 A bull run is an upswing in the securities exchanges brought about by the ascent in the cost of offers, continued by purchasing weight of genuine financial specialists or updates on great monetary development, decontrol and political turns of events. The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ) is a US-based stock trade, which involves to a great extent of innovation stocks. Begun in 1971, NASDAQ is the principal screen-based, floor less exchanging framework and the second biggest financial exchange in the US. (Allude Exhibit I for BSE Index developments). HFCL took off by 57% while Global expanded by 200%. Accordingly, merchants and reserve administrators began putting vigorously in K-10 stocks. Shared supports like Alliance Capital, ICICI Prudential Fund and UTI additionally put resources into K-10 stocks, and saw their net resource esteem taking off. By January 2000, K-10 stocks consistently highlighted in the main five exchanged stocks the trades (Refer Exhibit II at the cost developments of K-10 stocks). HFCLs exchanged volumes shot up from 80,000 to 1,047,000 offers. Globals absolute exchanged worth the Sensex was Rs 51. 8 billion10. As such colossal measures of cash were being siphoned into the business sectors, it got intense for KP to control the developments of the scrips. Additionally, it was accounted for that the volumes outgrew him to deal with. Experts and controllers thought about how KP had figured out how to purchase such enormous stakes. The Factors that Helped the Man As indicated by advertise sources, however KP was an effective specialist, he didn't have the cash to purchase huge stakes. As indicated by a report11, 12 lakh portions of Global in July 1999 would have cost KP around Rs 200 million. The stake in Aftek Infosys would have cost him Rs 50 million, while the Zee and HFCL stakes would have cost Rs 250 million each. Experts asserted that KP obtained from different organizations and banks for this reason. His financing strategies were genuinely straightforward. He purchased shares when they were exchanging at low costs and saw the costs go up in the buyer advertise while persistently exchanging. At the point when the cost was sufficiently high, he 10 11 In September 2002, Rs 48 equalled 1 US $. Businessworld, 16 April, 2001. promised the offers with banks as security for reserves. He likewise obtained from organizations like HFCL. This couldn't have been conceivable out without the contribution of banks. A little Ahmedabad-based bank, Madhavapura Mercantile Cooperative Bank (MMCB) was KPs principle partner in the trick. KP and his partners began tapping the MMCB for assets in mid 2000. In December 2000, when KP confronted liquidity issues in settlements he utilized MMCB in two distinct manners. First was the compensation order12 course, wherein KP gave checks attracted on BoI to MMCB, against which MMCB gave pay orders. The compensation orders were limited at BoI. It was claimed that MMCB gave assets to KP without legitimate guarantee security and even crossed its capital market presentation limits. According to a RBI review report, MMCBs credits to securities exchanges were around Rs 10 billion of which over Rs 8 billion were loaned to KP and his organizations. The subsequent course was getting from a MMCB branch at Mandvi (Mumbai), where various organizations claimed by KP and his partners had accounts. KP utilized around 16 such records, either legitimately or through other dealer firms, to acquire reserves. Aside from direct borrowings by KP-possessed fund organizations, a couple of agents were likewise accepted to have taken advances for his benefit. It was asserted that Madhur Capital, an organization run by Vinit Parikh, the child of MMCB Chairman Ramesh Parikh, had followed up for the benefit of KP to obtain reserves. KP purportedly utilized his BoI records to limit 248 compensation orders worth about Rs 24 billion among January and March 2001. BoIs misfortunes in the end added up to well above Rs 1. billion. 12 A bank gives a compensation request after plainly the clients account has adequate assets. The MMCB pay request issue hit a few open part banks hard. These included large names, for example, the State Bank of India, Bank of India and the Punjab National Bank, every one of whom lost tremendous sums in the trick. It was likewise affirmed that Global Trust Bank (GTB) gave advances to KP and its introduction to the capital markets was over as far as possible. As per media reports, KP a

Public Libraries SERVICE MANAGEMENT Example

Public Libraries SERVICE MANAGEMENT Example Public Libraries SERVICE MANAGEMENT â€" Assignment Example > PUBLIC LIBRARIES SERVICE MANAGEMENTA Benchmarking Exercise of Local Authority A Library ServicesSubmitted toThe Local Authority AByDirector of Library Services, Local Authority AMarch 14, 2009TABLE OF CONTENTSContents……………………………………………………………………2Summary…………………………………………………………………. .3Introduction: 3.1.Background. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 3.2 Purpose. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. 3.3 Scope ……………………………………………………………. 455 4.0 A Benchmarking Exercise Of Local Authority A’s Library Services 4.1 Ten Key Measures And Metrics…………………………………. . 4.2 Strengths/ weaknesses……………………………………………. 56-910-12 5.0 Appropriate Methodology ……⠀¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦â€¦. ..13-15Conclusions………………………………………………………………. .16Recommendations…………………………………………………………16References………………………………………………………………. ..17SUMMARY. The following report begins with a general overview and background of the factors that necessitated the commencement of a benchmarking process for an imaginary Local Authority (A). It then follows up with the purpose of the report as well as a description of its scope. It then gives a comprehensive analysis of the ten measures and metrics that shall be used and they include: the membership and usage; circulation/ collections; the hours open per week/ availability; the I T Efficiency; income/ profitability; expenditure; existing resources/ collection; and customer satisfactionThereafter, the report analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the aforementioned measures/ metrics. It discovers that most of them are strong apart from the qualitative measures such as customer satisfaction and service efficiency since they proved to be immeasurable. The report then concludes with a summary of the findings as well as recommendations on how best the benchmarking exercise should be undertaken. INTRODUCTION. BackgroundFollowing the current economic global crisis that has negatively affected the country, local authorities, like other sectors of the government, have had to grapple with a serious budget deficit. In a bid to reduce this deficit, all local authorities have been forced to make cuts to their budgets to remain afloat in these trying times. Inevitably, library services across the country have been targeted as sectors that require cuts to their budgets and Local Authority A’s Library Services is no exception. Local Authority A is the largest in the United Kingdom and likewise has a relatively big budget for its library services. Nevertheless, it has one of the most (if not the most), cost effective and efficient library service in the country, being in the top 20% of Library Services. Benchmarking is thus a very important contractual tool that can be used to prove the efficiency of the Library Services as well as to establish the much needed performance standards that we are contractually obligated to deliver in a rapidly changing Library Services environment. If enforced successfully, it will go a long way in not only improving the relationship between the Library Services and Local Authority A but also in creating new opportunities for the Library Services with regards to additional services and subsequently, a more optimal return on its investment. PurposeThis report seeks to implement a benchmarking exercise of Local Authority A’s Library services in comparison to the Library Services of other local authorities. It mainly seeks to establish what the specific measures and metrics are in this benchmarking exercise; the relative strengths and weaknesses of these measures and metrics; and how exactly the benchmarking exercise will be conducted. ScopeAn effective benchmarking exercise should be current. The findings in this report are therefore based on library services performed by Local Authority A over the past 18 months. In addition, the report covers all the services in all the libraries within Local Authority A.

Conflict Resolution In Church Essay - 1736 Words

CONFLICT In 1996, I was called to serve as pastor of Pryorsburg Baptist Church, located near Mayfield, Kentucky. The Pastor Search Committee had informed me that the church was currently experiencing a time of great unity, harmony, and growth. They further told me that my call was unanimous. They said that the church had grown to the point that the last pastor had resigned, a after a three-year tenure, because he had been promoted to Dean of Students at a nearby Baptist college and could no longer serve as pastor of a church of this size. I arrived at the church ministry field on a Saturday and preached the morning and evening services on the next day. On Monday evening, a member came to my home†¦show more content†¦They also informed me that they had wanted to tell me the truth before I accepted the call, but never had the opportunity. As we talked, it became clear that the church was in a horrific spiritual warfare. The deacon and his wife told me that the church had been doing very well and had been slowly growing, when a nearby church split and its disenfranchised members came to Peyorsburg. Almost immediately upon coming to Pryorsburg, these new members began to take control of the church. The old members did not do anything, because of a suddenly they were outnumbered in the business meetings by these newer members. These newer members had also voted to throw out the Church Constitution and Bylaws in order that they might do as they please regarding the operations of the church. So, there were three basic groups in the church: those in control, those who had been forced from office, and the largest group Ââ€" those who had no idea that anything was wrong. When I arrived, three of the deacons told me that they felt that they were being wrongly accused of running the church, but they had no idea why anyone would have such conceptions. Thereupon, I requested the deacons to provide me with a list of church officers. They said that they would get me a copy. It was three months later, with me constantly badgeringShow MoreRelatedThe World Monotheistic Religions Of Islam, Christianity, And Judaism981 Words   |  4 Pagesthis imperative about loving God/Allah with all the mind, heart, soul, and strength, and love one’s neighbor as oneself, which do indeed run contrary to the adversarial processes of managing conflict in the American legal system. It is evident in a litigation situation in a courtroom or in a dispute resolution forum, may it be negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, the two parties locked in argument, debate, and discussion are not applying this principle of unconditional love required by these religiousRead MoreThe Differences Between Prejudice And Stereotyping1137 Words   |  5 PagesIn class, we had also discussed the different type of conflict styles/resolutions. 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Personal Statement On Workplace Negotiations - 1556 Words

Workplace Negotiations I. 1. The most important issue in taking any form of employment is whether it will involve something that I am interested or was trained to do. Second, a salary that is reasonably related to the position and/or the work performed is important. Third, having the independence to work without constant supervision (as long as my responsibilities are satisfied) would be important. Fourth, the ability to have a flexible work schedule. Fifth, training and development opportunities that allow me to get better at what I’m doing would be important. 2. My BATNA would be the non-guaranteed offer I received prior to the holidays from another position. Although the salary (U.S. $3,000 per month) is the same as I am currently†¦show more content†¦In that case, my source of power would be years I’ve worked at my present employer, including the experience I’ve gained, the work-product I’ve produced, my relationship with clients and customers, and the fact that I understand the goals of the company and have proven that I can assist the company in achieving those goals. Perhaps, however, the ultimate source of my power is that my interests are not completely focused on salary and that if I can achieve all of my other interests except for a salary than I will personally be successful. 4. Although I cannot know for certain but I can assume that in this negotiation my opponent’s five most important issues would be: (1) keep my salary the same or as close to the current amount that it is now, (2) increase the amount of work that I do without any or a significant increase in the salary that I am paid, (3) any increase in salary is mirrored with an equal increase in duties and responsibilities, (4) keeping the work circumstances as they presently are arranged; or more specifically keeping the status quo, and (5) decreasing my salary but keeping my work level the same or increasing it. 5. My opponent’s BATNA is keeping me in my present position. The position includes the following benefits: U.S. $3,000 per month; seven days paid vacation; supervised work for 40 hours per week (five days a week). Accordingly, my opponents target price is U.S.

Principals-Agents’ Conflict of Interest Free Essays

Principals (shareholders) – agent (managers) problem represents the conflict of interest between management and owners. For example, if shareholders cannot effectively monitor the managers’ behaviour, then managers may be tempted to use the firm’s assets for their own ends, all at the expenses of shareholders. Discuss the pros and cons of this statement with regard to duties of Board of Directors. We will write a custom essay sample on Principals-Agents’ Conflict of Interest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most organisations these days are no more owned by their managers. This separation of ownership and management gives rise to what is called agency relationship. Jensen and Meckling (1976) define the agency relationship as â€Å"a contract under which one party (the principal) engages another party (agent) to perform the some services on their behalf. As part of this, the principal will delegate some decision making authority to the agent â€Å". However, it is important to mention that this relationship is not always peaceful and harmonious; rather, it usually raises some agency problems commonly called conflict of interests between shareholders and managers of the company. These conflicts occur when a person i. . the manager has an obligation not to act in his own personal interest but in another person’s interest i. e. the shareholders. This means that in whatever situation, managers must prioritise shareholders’ benefits. But is this commitment always respected in principals-agents relationships? Hopefully, between these two groups, is the board of directors; directors who are elected by shareholders to act as their representatives by monitoring and controlling managers tasks and ensuring they are in line with shareholders’ expectations. With clear evidence that conflicts of interest are almost unavoidable in any agency relationships, an attempt will be made will be made to get an insight into that issue with regards to board of directors duties. Brennan (1994) states that â€Å" agency problems emanate from the arrangement where the interests of the agents differ substantially from those of the principals because of the impossibility of perfectly contracting for every possible action of the agents whose decisions affect both his welfare and the welfare of the principal â€Å". Therefore, this raises the issue of finding ways to motivate managers to solely act in the best interest of shareholders. However, in a world where the labour market is becoming more and more imperfect and competitive, managers will be more concerned with their personal benefits at the expense of shareholders’ benefits. Since they are the one taking care of the day-to-day activities of the company, they know better than anyone any single details about how the various tasks are being performed and how that affects the company. Therefore, they might be tempted to take advantage of that by consuming some of the organisation’s resources in the form of lavish perquisites such as airplanes. Agency conflicts imply that shareholders wealth maximisation is being subordinated in managers’ goals for the company. Clear evidence of this assumption could be that top level managers are more worried about increasing their salaries, raising their status within the company, creating more opportunities for lower managers or assuring their job security and to achieve all this, their main objective could rather be to enlarge the firm by creating more subsidiaries. Such an action could produce results that do not necessarily maximise the value of the organisation for shareholders, rather, management welfare. We can notice that in conflict of interest, agents are mostly interested in achieving objectives that they feel will be profitable to them, but which are not necessarily or directly for the sake of shareholders. This occurs as a result of the distance created between the shareholders and the management team which prevent the former to effectively monitor and control managers’ behaviour. If agents do things that hurt principals, why don’t they take strong actions against that? In order to remedy to this situation, shareholders rely among others on the board of directors which they elect to look out for their interests and protect them for financial losses due to inadequate managerial actions. Bonazzi L. , Islam (2007) defines the function of the board as a â€Å" collective responsibility to determine the company’s purpose and â€Å"ethics†, to decide the direction, i. e. the strategy; to plan; to monitor and control managers and CEO activities, then to report and make recommendations to shareholders â€Å". To achieve this, they are expected to act in accordance with their four main duties which involve: the fiduciary duty, the duty of loyalty, the duty of confidentiality and the duty of care. In performing their fiduciary duties, directors assumes two roles, the first one as an â€Å"agent† which means acting on behalf of shareholders and the second one as a â€Å"trustee† which means they are in charge of controlling the organisation assets so they have to act â€Å" bona fide â€Å" which means in good faith towards the company; acting only within the scope of their powers and uniquely for the purpose that benefits the business and to avoid being involved in conflict between personal and the company’s interest. First and foremost, the board has as duty to govern the organisation by designing broad policies, and objectives which are intended to provide managers with guidance on how they are expected to run the business, i. e. prioritizing principals’ benefits, and, where they are expected to take the firm to in terms of increasing its value. They must continuously review the performance of the chief executive to ensure that managerial actions are in line with shareholders wishes and given that they are accountable to the former, they have to report to them about the overall organisational performance. Regarding their duty of loyalty, directors must prevent conflict of interest by avoiding transactions which may generate a potential conflict; those transactions according to Professor Bernard S. Black of Standford Law School in an article entitled The principal Fiduciary Duties of Boards of Directors are called â€Å" self-dealing â€Å" transactions. Representing at the same time the boss to one extend and the subordinate to another extend, directors must make sure never to act in ways that will harm either the shareholders or the executives, treat both parties with care and respect and try to make good decisions i. . that will compromise none of the parties, but which will be profitable to the firm. Also, board members have the duty to keep private all dealings, matters and information from the board meeting and the company in order to avoid the disclosure or misuse of information which may lead to a conflict. From the study of board members duties, we can state that companies’ corporate governance rests mostly on their shoulders. So, when effective, it permits the realisation of corporate objectives, risk management, the reduction of agency problems and an increase in the value of the firm. Despite the fact that conflict of interest is quite an obvious issue between shareholders and managers, it is important to keep in mind that the former are the owners of the business and thus, have great powers on the company; for instance through their voting rights at the annual shareholders meeting where they might decide â€Å"to vote with their feet† i. . selling their shares, exposing the organisation to a potential takeover that will lead managers to lose their job. Consequently, managers must at least try to satisfy their principals by aligning their actions and decisions with shareholders expectations; as well as must principals induce their agents to work for their best interest. To achieve this, they must incur some agency costs. In the 1976 Journal of Finance paper by Michael Jensen and William Meckling, it is stated that â€Å"there are three major types of agency costs: (1) expenditures to monitor managerial activities, such as audit costs; (2) expenditure to structure the organisation in a way that will limit undesirable managerial behaviour, such as appointing outside members to the board of directors or restructuring the company’s business units and management hierarchy; and (3) opportunity costs which are incurred when shareholder-imposed restrictions, such as requirements for shareholder votes on specific issues, limit the ability of managers to take actions that advance shareholder wealth†. In a nutshell, conflict of interest is a real fact in every business. Principal-agent relationship can be viewed as complex in terms of how exactly agents are expected to act towards their principals. Obviously, their acts must always be aimed at serving shareholders interest, but this statement seems to imply that either principals’ interests are always morally acceptable or managers might act unethically provided they fulfil shareholders’ expectations. Virtually, all corporate code of ethics addresses conflict of interest because it interferes with the ability of employees to act in the best interest of the firm. The fact is that, the agent is expected to act solely for the benefit of the principal in all matters and situations, yet, the kind of situation or dilemma the agent might be called upon to act in his principal interest are not easily predictable or identified. As optimal solution, it would be advantageous for both parties if they could work in concert prioritising the success of the organisation, and trying to satisfy as much as possible each group’s benefits, because it would help avoiding or at least reducing potential conflict of interest. How to cite Principals-Agents’ Conflict of Interest, Essay examples

Islamic Revivalism Movement Towards the Establishment free essay sample

This meaning is taken from the Quran (22:5). Increase means the increase over capital or nominal amount, the increase being either large or small. According to Islamic law, Riba technically refers to the premium that must be paid by the borrower to the lender along with the principal amount as a condition for an extension in its maturity. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) was established after the enacting of the Islamic Banking Act (IBA) in 1983, the IBA permitted the establishment of the first Islamic Bank in Malaysia. BIMB with a paid up capital of RM 100 million and an authorised capital of RM 500 million is carrying out its activities on an interest free basis. The establishment of BIMB is a major step towards an interest-free financial system in Malaysia. This marked the establishment of more Islamic commercial institutions under the new mode of the Islamization Policy. Insurance industry has been in the market for a long time. We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic Revivalism Movement Towards the Establishment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, insurance policy does not comply to the teaching of Islam in which the contract and concept of insurance involve elements of riba, gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling). With the emergence of Islamization process in Malaysia, Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad was incorporated on 29 November 1984 as a subsidiary company of BIMB Holdings Berhad. Other major shareholders are the State Islamic Religious Councils / Baitulmals of Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Amanah Saham Bank Islam (ASBI). The company objectives is to provide takaful services (Islamic Insurance) at the highest standard of efficiency and professionalism to all Muslims and the population in Malaysia. Malaysia is one of the Muslim countries that is committed in not only developing Islamic banking system but also a complete Islamic financial system. It was the objective of the Malaysian government to develop the Islamic banking system parallel to the conventional system. Instead of establishing many new Islamic banks, the government introduced a concept of ‘Islamic window’ which allows the existing conventional banks to introduce Islamic banking productst of customers. The concept of Islamic window started in March 1993 when the Central Bank of Malaysia or Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) introduced the â€Å"Interest-Free Banking Scheme†. Twenty-one Islamic financial products were developed to cater for this scheme with only three major banks participated initially. By July of the same year, this scheme was extended to all financial institutions in Malaysia. As at end of 2000, the Islamic banking system was represented by two Islamic banks, 17 domestic commercial banks, five merchant banks and seven discount houses. There are also four foreign-owned banks providing Islamic banking products and services. The step towards developing a complete Islamic financial system began with the fostering of both Islamic capital market and Islamic money market. The former started when the Malaysian government issued Islamic bonds in 1983. To further enhance the development in the capital market, Islamic private debt securities were introduced. At the end of 2000, a total of RM22,935 private debt securities were issued, out of which RM 6,278 were Islamic bonds (Hassan, 2001). The establishment of BIMB Securities in 1994, as Malaysia’s first Islamic stockbroker, was the first step towards promoting Islamic equity market. Apart from providing Islamic broking houses and Islamic managed funds, a separate â€Å"Islamic Index† was established. This index comprises 179 permissible stocks on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (New Horizon, 1996). Today, the Islamic banking and Islamic finance is in its boiling point era. An aim of being the global Islamic financial hub has witnesses a lot of effort take by the government to encourage the development of this industry. Till date, Malaysia remains as the largest issuer of Islamic bond (Sukuk) in the word ahead of the other Middle East countries. In meantime, there are about seventeen (17) full-pledged Islamic banking institutions in Malaysia including those of foreign and subsidiary of parent conventional successful bank. The long-term objective of BNM is to create an Islamic banking system operating on a parallel basis with the conventional banking system. In addition, an Islamic banking system must also reflect the socio-economic values in Islam, and must be Islamic in both substance and form. The first step to spread the virtues of Islamic banking was to disseminate Islamic banking on a nation-wide basis, with as many players as possible and to be able to reach all Malaysians. The rising of the Islamic financial market as well as its conventional counterpart has made the market becoming sophisticated and complex, thus in line with this development the Securities Commission has been establish in 1997 to monitor and regulate the capital market in Malaysia. The growth of Islamic finance was an alternative for a less costly and less risky financial product to please the demands of the society. The final phase is covered from 2000 to presentwhereby Islamic finance has developed tremendously and as it now reach its tipping point. During this period we can see a lot more effort taken by the government to strengthen the industry. This phase begins with the formation of Islamic Banking and Finance Department in the Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) in 2000, and followed by the introduction of 10-year Financial Sector Master Plan in 2001 which among others has put a specific chapter focusing on the development of Islamic banking and finance industry in Malaysia. Later in 2002, another significant event occurredwitness the birth Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) an independent body that focusing on the disclosure and governance of IIFS. In line with it function, it issue guideline and standards for the best practice for the industry as a whole and not limited to Malaysia only. Then, in 2003 BNM has issued Guidelines for Financial Reporting for Licensed Islamic Bank (GP8-i) with the objective to promote onsistency and standardization amongst the Islamic banks in complying with the provisions of the IBA 1983 and approved accounting standards, specifically MASB i-1 and the Shariah requirements. The Guidelines prescribed the minimum requirements of the financial statements that the Islamic banks need to disclose. Malaysias Islamic finance industry has been in existence for over 30 years. The enactment of the Islamic Banking Act 1983 enabled the countrys first Islamic Bank to be established and thereafter, with the liberalisation of the Isla mic financial system, more Islamic financial institutions have been set up. Malaysia has a diverse and growing community of domestic and international financial institutions. Malaysias diversity of market intermediaries consists of investment banks, local and foreign Islamic banks, takaful operators, brokers and fund managers. They include several foreign owned entities; both conventional institutions who have established Islamic subsidiaries and also entities who are conducting international currency business (ICBU). Many of these intermediaries have participated in Malaysias many notable achievements such as record setting sukuk issuance and other industry firsts. As such, these financial institutions possess a proven track record and in-depth experience. Malaysias market intermediaries are also internationally recognised for their innovative capability. This is attributed to their expert use of various Islamic principles or a combination of principles to produce innovative Islamic banking, takaful and Islamic Capital Market (ICM) offerings.

Blue Ridge Spain Essay Example

Blue Ridge Spain Essay Example Blue Ridge Spain Paper Blue Ridge Spain Paper Overall comments: need to tie narrative to terms/concepts from the book. Should stratify comments into uncontrollable and controllable forces. (like Todd did) Although Blue Ridge Restaurants had success with expansion and joint ventures in Australia, the UK, France, Italy, Brazil and Hong Kong through 1987, many differing factors were at play when Yannis Costas evaluated the market and strategy for the Spain in the 1ate 1990s. Factors described by D. A.Ball, et al, 1, considered relevant in a country screening and assessing market expansion, especially the xx screen, political and legal and the fourth screen, socio-cultural, were not favorable for an aggressive expansion in Spain. The key issues in the Delta Foods expansion in Spain are: Probe deeper on these questions: 1. What are the expertise strengths and unique resources that each partner brought to the joint venture? 2. Why does or doesn’t Blue Ridge need a joint venture in Spain? 3. Why does or doesnt Terralumen need a partner to develop such a business in Spain? Environment for joint venture * Peculiarities for doing business in Spain-failure to use value chain analysis What was the competitive cost position at the end of the value chain? * Terralumen is a package good company looking for restaurant partner * Market demand-package foods industry and non-tapas menu items popular with working professionals in urban areas only * Pressing Spaniards on American goals * Spanish economic trials of 1998-2004 * Lack of implementation plan-see keys to resource deployment Impedances: Socio-Cultural Fear of being exploited * Explain uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity concepts for Terralumen and BR/Delta Cultural differences, as related to doing business, come into play here in the Blue Ridge case Study. Significant cross cultural conflicts between parent companies of different nationalities paved the way for the dissolution of the joint venture between Delta and Terralumen. In a Board of Director’s meeting, the American-Spanish joint venture partners could not work together or agree on common goals and policies, or resolve problems. The Hofstede Model has demonstrated that individuals living in a particular country tend to share similar values, and that they bring these values to the firms for which they work. The stark contrast of cultural values between managers of Delta and Terralumen make it difficult to ensure the success and the longevity of Blue Ridge Spain The European Regional Director, Yannis Costas, is of Greek nationality. According to Hofstede, Greece is high on power distance and high on uncertainty avoidance. In the Greek culture, people respect senior manager and would not prefer a young inexperienced manager. On the one hand Costas has put much effort into the joint venture and identifies with his work. That’s why he wants to help Blue Ridge. On the other hand, he has a good relationship to the Spaniards who value his ability to establish an interpersonal relationship which can also be traced back to his Greek roots. Decisions are made on subjective feelings and he wants a harmonious balance, a consensus. Overall, he is rather on the side of the Spaniards. As a Greek, Costas values the solid interpersonal relationship and trust which he and Francisco Alvarez had built over the years in trying to foster a successful joint venture. Costas was often employed to solve conflicts and mend damaged relationships. He also questioned the ethics of his company’s strategy to secretly achieve the upper hand in buyout negotiations. Alvarez, representing Terralumen, is from Spain. He shares many similar cultural characteristics with Costas, including patience and mutual respect. This explains how Costas and Alvarez have come to establish solid friendship and cooperation throughout the joint venture Add: Impedences: Ethics * Avoid retelling the facts of the case * Is there something in the Donaldson article on ethics? Geoff Dryden and the company he represented faced the ethical dilemma of how one should act when cross the national boundaries; with unfamiliar law and unclear ethical conduct he faced, one should question Geoff conduct. Geoff who had no overseas experience was transferred from US Delta snack food division to Europe had secretly made suggestion to let Terralumen default on its debt so that they can force a buyout. Geoff and Delta did not act ethically by pursuing this strategy which showed ethical imperialism of individual and the company which allowed it to happen; one should not act differently when away from home. People’s perception would be affected if they knew that Delta had intensionally let the other could have financial implication In addition, another unethical moment came from Bill Sawyer when he deceived Costas by suggesting that the company will be hiring someone with experience but in turn they hired someone with very little experience compared to Costas’s. The core values establish a moral compass for business practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I honesty and integrity is a universal practice and by Bill’s actions and company’s tolerance of it, it represented low level of ethical standard for himself and the company that did not allow full disclosure in hiring process. Also Terralumen had decided to give power of attorney to one individual who can make a decision that will impact the entire joint venture existence; this decision represent unethical practice for the company. Terralumen should have full disclosure practice that would allow for all critical decision been communicated among joint venture. This practice would have allowed other members a chance to evaluate the decision taken by Terralumen and see what impacts will it have on the existing joint venture. To give the power of attorney to Francisco Alvarez without consultation of other member of joint venture represented unethical act. While the culture and personality of the decision makers impact the important choices made in cases like this one, equally important are the countless spreadsheets and documents that contain the financial factors integral to the success or failure of an international business affair. The original development plan agreed to in 1998 (exhibit 2) was a far more conservative approach that would see approximately ten new stores per year opened in Spain. With an initial capital investment of around $1 million per store, and a lengthy 18-24 period between the time of investment and the construction of the location, the venture would be operating on very thin margins in the early years, with the hope that the continued expansion would lead to higher profits in the latter years of the plan. Financial Analysis Insert your sources/citings Delta’s overly aggressive growth strategy set a goal at expanding at three times the pace of the 1998 agreement. Delta’s decision to utilize a consulting firm based in the U. S. might have been a contributing factor to this unrealistic goal. As Bell (2010) states, sometimes management needs to gather data in the potential market rather than just using desk and field reports. For example, the American consultants might not have been privy to the key money costs of around $100k paid off-the-books to property owners at the signing. With a goal of opening thirty stores per year, this would add an additional $3 million per year in expenses in addition to the other costly expenses. It would’ve also behooved the Delta consultants to consider the uncontrollable economic forces that were going to come into play with their expansion plans. While there were some key economic indicators in Spain working in Delta’s favor, such as a GDP went from just under 3. 5% in early 1997 to over 4. % in early 1998, there were also some warning signs that should have lead them to temper expectations in this market . One of these warning signs deals with Spain’s unemployment rate. As shown by the chart below, Spain’s unemployment rate during this time period was hovering around 20%, although it was beginning to show signs of improvement. While this might be a sign of many possible new hires to work in the restaurants, it also signals a rather weak economy and a potential dearth of customers. Some of the controllable forces that Delta could have adjusted their approach to help the joint venture deal with the exorbitant royalties and fees the company desired to collect from its Spanish partner right from the get-go. Squeezing the restaurants for this money in the early stages of expansions could have a demoralizing and costly effect on the local managers as they attempted to build their business and compete against better known Spanish restaurants. The growth strategy into Germany and France seems to be an overly optimistic one, as well. Blue Ridge already had failed at one attempt to enter the French market, and Germany has a culture vastly different than Spain. How could Delta prognosticate having 55 stores within three years in a country where the business model had been an abject failure years before? Without proper planning and a gradual implementation to determine whether the restaurant could succeed in these markets, the company could be faced with an overburdened agenda that could sink the entire plan. Other U. S. ompanies, such as Wal-Mart, learned this lesson the hard way. 1 Ball, D. A. , Geringer, J. M. , Minor, M. S. , and McNett, J. M. (2010) (Assessing and Analyzing Markets) International Business: the Challenge of Global Competition, (12th ed. ) pp 427-464, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin 2 Donaldson, T â€Å"Values in Tension: Ethics Away From Home. † Reprint No. 96502. Harvard Business Review, 2010. ,65 pg 69-72. coursesmart. com/9781609272852/firstsection#X2ludGVybmFsX1BGUmVhZGVyP3htbGlkPTk3 ODE2MDkyNzI4NTIvNzI=

How to Use Sociology to Counter Claims of Reverse Racism

How to Use Sociology to Counter Claims of Reverse Racism A former student recently asked me how one can use sociology to counter claims of â€Å"reverse racism.† The term refers to the idea that whites experience racism due to programs or initiatives that are designed to benefit people of color. Some claim that organizations or spaces that are exclusive to say, black people or Asian Americans, constitute â€Å"reverse racism,† or that scholarships open only to racial minorities discriminate against whites. The big point of contention for those concerned with â€Å"reverse racism† is Affirmative Action, which refers to measures in applications processes for employment or college admission that take race and the experience of racism into account in the evaluation process. To counter claims of â€Å"reverse discrimination,† let’s first revisit what racism actually is. Per our own glossary definition, racism serves to limit access to rights, resources, and privileges on the basis of essentialist notions of race (stereotypes). Racism can take a variety of forms in achieving these ends. It can be representational, manifesting in how we imagine and represent racial categories, like in costume at â€Å"Ghetto† or â€Å"Cinco de Mayo† parties, or in what kinds of characters people of color play in film and television. Racism can be ideological, existing in our world views and ideas premised on white superiority and the presumed cultural or biological inferiority of others. There are other forms of racism too, but most important to this discussion of whether or not affirmative action constitutes â€Å"reverse racism† are the ways that racism operates institutionally and structurally. Institutional racism manifests in education in the tracking of students of color into remedial or special ed courses, while white students are more likely to be tracked into college prep courses. It also exists in the educational context in the rates at which students of color are punished and reprimanded, versus white students, for the same offenses. Institutional racism is also expressed in biases teachers reveal in doling out praise more so to white students than to students of color. Institutional racism in the educational context is a key force in reproducing long-term, historically rooted structural racism. This includes racial segregation into poor communities with underfunded and understaffed schools, and economic stratification, which overwhelmingly burdens people of color with poverty and limited access to wealth. Access to economic resources is a significant factor that shapes one’s educational experience, and the extent to which one is prepared for admission to college. Affirmative Action policies in higher education are designed to counteract the near 600-year history of systemic racism in this country. A cornerstone of this system is undeserved enrichment of whites based on historical theft of land and resources from Native Americans, theft of labor and denial of rights of Africans and African Americans under slavery and its Jim Crow aftermath, and denial of rights and resources to other racial minorities throughout history. The undeserved enrichment of whites fueled the undeserved impoverishment of people of color- a legacy that is painfully alive today in racialized income and wealth disparities. Affirmative Action seeks to redress some of the costs and burdens born by people of color under systemic racism. Where people have been excluded, it seeks to include them. At their core, Affirmative Action policies are based on inclusion, not exclusion. This fact becomes clear when one considers the history of legislation that laid the groundwork for Affirmative Action, a term first used by former President John F. Kennedy in 1961 in Executive Order 10925, which referenced the need to end discrimination based on race, and was followed three years later by the Civil Rights Act. When we recognize that Affirmative Action is premised on inclusion, we see clearly that it is not consistent with racism, which uses racial stereotypes to limit access to rights, resources, and privileges. Affirmative Action is the opposite of racism; it is anti-racism. It is not â€Å"reverse† racism. Now, some might claim that Affirmative Action limits access to rights, resources, and privileges for whites who are thought to be displaced by people of color who are granted admission instead of them. But the fact is, that claim simply doesn’t stand up to scrutiny when one examines historical and contemporary rates of college admission by race. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, between 1980 and 2009, the number of African American students enrolled in college annually more than doubled, from about 1.1 million to just under 2.9 million. During that same period, Hispanic and Latino enjoyed a huge jump in enrollment, multiplying by more than five, from 443,000 to 2.4 million. The rate of increase for white students was much lower, at just 51 percent, from 9.9 million to about 15 million. What these jumps in enrollment for African Americans and Hispanic and Latinos show is the intended outcome of Affirmative Action policies: increased inclusion. Importantly, the inclusion of these racial groups did not harm white enrollment. In fact, data released by the Chronicle of Higher Education in 2012 show that white students are still slightly over-represented in terms of their presence in that year’s freshmen class at 4-year schools, while black and Latino students are still underrepresented.* Further, if we look beyond the Bachelor’s degree to advanced degrees, we see percentages of white degree earners rise as does level of degree, culminating in a stark underrepresentation of black and Latino recipients of degrees at the level of Doctor. Other research has shown clearly that university professors demonstrate a strong bias toward white male students who express interest in their graduate programs, much to the expense of women and students of color. Looking at the big picture of longitudinal data, it is clear that while Affirmative Action policies have successfully opened access to higher education across racial lines, they have not limited the ability of whites to access this resource. Rulings from the mid-1990s that have outlawed Affirmation Action at public educational institutions lead to a fast and sharp drop in enrollment rates of black and Latino students at those institutions, quite notably in the University of California system. Now, let’s consider the bigger picture beyond education. For â€Å"reverse racism,† or racism against whites, to exist in the U.S., we would first have to reach racial equality in systemic and structural ways. We would have to pay reparations to make up for centuries upon centuries of unjust impoverishment. We would have to equalize wealth distribution and achieve equal political representation. We would have to see equal representation across all job sectors and educational institutions. We would have to abolish racist policing, judicial, and incarceration systems. And, we would have to eradicate ideological, interactional, and representational racism. Then, and only then, might people of color be in a position to limit access to resources, rights, and privileges on the basis of whiteness. Which is to say, â€Å"reverse racism† does not exist in the United States.   *I base these statements on 2012 U.S. Census population data, and compare the category â€Å"White alone, not Hispanic or Latino† to the White/Caucasian category used by the Chronicle of Higher Education. I collapsed the Chronicle’s data for Mexican-American/Chicano, Puerto Rican, and Other Latino into a total percentage, which I compared to the Census category â€Å"Hispanic or Latino.†

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Marketing - Essay Example The NMC, ROI and ROS need to be seen from the tactical and strategic perspectives before one thinks of adopting any of these three or a combination of all of them for the sake of the business. b) Evaluate the employment of profit-oriented marketing objectives in general from a moral-ethical perspective. From a moral-ethical perspective, the profit-oriented marketing objectives must always be aligned in such a way that the people do not suffer due to the same count. This is because the profit-oriented marketing tactics are always aimed at benefiting more and more from the organizational stance. The moral-ethical perspective is such that it is on the opposite side all the same where it focuses more on the people and the society at large rather than mincing any profits or benefits in the long run scheme of things (Wood, 2011). The moral-ethical perspective is such that it will always bank on delivering sound results, however in keeping with the debates of morality more than profit-makin g at the end of the day.

Discuss the Impact that the 911 Attacks had on US Law Enforcement Research Paper

Discuss the Impact that the 911 Attacks had on US Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example This prompted many changes in the country’s law enforcement, to prevent and prepare United States for such attacks in future. This paper discusses the impacts that the September 11 attacks had on the United States law enforcement. Immediately after the attack, George Bush, the then president of the United States declared war on all forms of terrorism. This resulted to drastic measures in the law enforcement to enhance their ability of responding to real and perceived threats from terrorism and other crimes. Currently, Peterson (2005, p61) notes that police in United States have greater surveillance powers than ever before in the history of the country. The era after September 11 attacks witnessed changes in federal laws, interpretation of privacy rules and expansion of technological applications in matters related to security and law enforcement. In addition, methods and circumstances used by police to investigate the public were expanded, a development that has raised concern s that the state violates individual rights for privacy (Kegley, 2003, p13). Proponents of the changes in the law enforcement argue that police should be equipped with all powers necessary to enhance their capacity of dealing with the modern international crime and terrorism. Coupled with increasing application of technology in crime, it is imperative for law enforcers to ensure public safety under highly unpredictable situations. One of the major impacts of September 11 terrorist attack is enhancement of surveillance operations in the United States. According to Kegley (2003, pp79-82) the legal and operational measures have been enhanced to apply greater inspection to minimize threats and apprehend international criminals before they commit crimes. Abrams (2005, p29) argues that the inability of law enforcers to keep in pace with technological developments of international criminals has necessitated the need for improving on their surveillance and intelligence gathering ability. In this respect, law enforcers are increasingly incorporating private and public enterprises to access personal details of people in the country. To enhance greater access to personal information, American lawmakers and legal institutions modified civil privacy protection in response to the attack and anticipated global terrorism threats. After the September 11 attacks in the United States, Abrams(2005, pp53-57) notes that the congress made several amendments on federal laws that gave police greater search and surveillance authority in addition to greater powers of accessing private information. These legal changes initially referred as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act became the Patriot Act later (Abrams, 2005 p73). Kegley (2003, p50) notes that the Patriot Act modified fifteen laws that mainly dealt with counter-terrorism and gathering foreign intelligence. The provisions in the Patriot Act include broadening the police search powers, consolidating police powers, expansion of domestic intelligence authority among other provisions. Broadening the police search powers provision authorized law enforcers to use enhanced surveillance techniques, search and gathering intelligence. These included allowing sneak and peek search warrants, authority to use tracking and wire tapping devices, monitoring of financial transactions, legalizing the use of investigation gag orders and authority to allow law enforcers

Self Reflective Practice Essay -- Childcare Directors, Early Childhood

This paper will explore the role of the director in modeling reflective practice as a tool to move a program towards programmatic excellence. Childcare directors are closely connected to all aspects of the childcare program; they supervise and support the teachers and staff and they work with the children and families. They are responsible for the program administration. They are the program manager and the center leader. This paper will suggest ways to incorporate more reflective practice into our programs at Kennedy Heights Community Center. The literature on self-reflective practice will be explored and analyzed to support the paper’s thesis of reflective practice as a tool on the path to excellence. The limitations and weaknesses of reflective practice will also be explored. Reflection- Literature Review In her article, Becoming a Self Mentor, Bloom states, â€Å"The capacity to reflect and engage in candid introspection is at the core of achieving self-awareness. Reflective practitioners think creatively, imaginatively, and at times self-critically about what they are doing. Individuals who use a variety of reflective practices have a better understanding of themselves† (pg. 55). If we value continuous programmatic improvements then practitioners must know themselves to effectively change and improve themselves. Teachers and directors cannot adjust or improve their attitudes or behaviors if they are unable to honestly acknowledge and own their actions. Reflection can help to close the gap between â€Å"espoused theories and theories in action† (Bloom, 2007). The best written handbooks and program manuals are meaningless if teachers and directors do not implement the philosophy and vision of the program as written. If centers talk... ...d care and education to know what excellence looks like, but also knowledge of adult education to get all the teachers to the pursuit of excellence. While reflective practice is a critical part of professional development, the program administrator must continuously move a program towards excellence and have a deep understanding of best practices and what quality childcare looks like to effectively model and facilitate reflective practice that leads to sustainable change. While some aspects of quality are concrete and stable; many aspects of quality childcare reflect the needs of the children and their families and are constantly changing. It takes management skills to maintain consistency and leadership skills to facilitate the changing program needs to maintain quality. The director serves both roles and therefore serves as the gatekeeper to program quality.

Critical Mission of Homeland Security Essay

The Department of Homeland Security was created after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The Department was formed by merging many exiting resources and adding to the best practices already in place. The Strategic Objectives of the Department are stated by the Department as â€Å"We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the Nation. We will secure our national borders while welcoming lawful immigrants, visitors, and trade. â€Å" (Homeland Security). Critical Mission of Homeland Security The critical missions of Department of Homeland Security are to prevent, protect, respond and recover. Through utilization of all available technology and resources the primary mission is to prevent an aggressive act. If they are unable to prevent the incident – the department will shift focus to protection. Protect as many citizens as possible from any imminent incident. If the incident could not be prevented the Homeland Security officials will respond to whatever the results are of the incident. This response could be in the way of coordinating with other agencies to provide the care and safety needed by the population in the affected area. The final mission is to recover from the incident. Although each mission is defined as a single mission – in practice they are often interlinked in execution. While protecting citizens from an incident – the agency at the same time may be proactively responding to the results of the incident. The recovery mission is over lapped in many areas by the response mission. Four Foundations of Homeland Security The National Strategy for Homeland Security has defined four foundations of homeland security. These foundations are; law, science and technology, information sharing and systems, and international cooperation. Each of these play a key part in providing for our national security. Identification and enforcement of the law. We have to know exactly what we are enforcing. Use of science and technology in each of the four critical mission areas. Information sharing was something various government agencies were not very effective at prior to 9/11. Since then Homeland Security has been working on removing many of the communication silos that were prevalent in the past. By open communication with several agencies – overall effectiveness is improved. International cooperation is the final of the four foundations that has to be built upon. With terrorist moving from nation to nation and planning many of the attacks from foreign soil – we have to work with all nations. International borders have to be permeable in today’s war on terror. Virginia Office of Commonwealth Preparedness The Commonwealth of Virginia has their own Department of Homeland Security. In Virginia it is called The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness. This office mirror many of the processes and objectives of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The Office of Commonwealth Preparedness works to make sure that all of the residents and businesses of the Commonwealth are safe, secure and prepared. Criminal Law and Civil Law Criminal Law and Civil Law are very different types of proceedings. Civil Law is usually a case between tow individuals or business entities. Criminal Law is a case between a person and a government. Civil Law In Civil Law a person is involved in litigation with another person or business. These are usually divorce cases, law suits due to injury at a place of business, or bankruptcy cases. Civil law never involves incarceration of either party because of the civil proceedings. There are some Civil cases that may become criminal cases. Stalking a spouse you are involved in a civil divorce proceeding with will lead to criminal charges being filed against the stalker. Civil law will never result in the incarceration of the guilty party. Fines in a Civil Law case are often paid to the other party in the proceeding. Criminal Law In Criminal Law there is a crime committed against society, or that endangers society by the action. Murder is a Criminal Law case. Although there may be only one victim – the perpetrator of the criminal act may do so again. Therefore, society must be protected from this person. Driving while intoxicated is also a criminal law case. Even though no member of society may have been harmed by the act of driving under the influence. There was a danger posed to society by the act of driving under the influence. Criminal law cases may result in incarceration or probation of the guilty party. Fines judged in a Criminal Law case are paid to the governing body prosecuting the case. Incarceration for Misdemeanor Crimes The main difference in the two types of crimes – misdemeanor and felony – is the amount of possible incarceration if convicted. A felony is a more serious crime and if convicted the accused could be sentenced to incarceration for a term greater than one year or death. Misdemeanor crimes are less serious offences and if convicted will result in incarceration of less than a year – if at all. I do not think those convicted of a misdemeanor should be incarcerated unless the person demonstrated no willingness to be rehabilitated through other means. Running a red light is a misdemeanor. Incarcerating this person for a period of time will serve no purpose in rehabilitation. The only outcome in this incarceration would be increase cost to the taxpayer of the community and increased crowding of jails. This accused will probably learn their lesson by paying a fine and undergoing a traffic safety class. The penalty of the crime will drive a lesson home to the accused. The taking a class will increase the general safety of the public. The current volume of cases on our court systems and the high cost of incarceration forces us to take a more lenient approach for misdemeanor crimes. Many in society would rather a person creating a danger to the public be off the streets rather than someone convicted of running a traffic light or petty theft. The penalty should be designed to make restitution and lead to rehabilitation of the accused. When we balance the crime with the penalty – then we can have a better society. Bibliography Homeland Security. (2008). Department of Homeland Security. One Team, One Mission, Securing our Homeland. Retrieved 20 March 2009, from, http://www. dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread. pdf

Essay on Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud

Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud This research paper will compare and contrast two of the most influencial psychologists who helped shape the way we understand the development of the human mind; Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The paper will focus on the similarities and differences between Freud’s Psycho-sexual theory, and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Freud was one of the very first influencial psychologists who changed the way we study humans. Erikson recognized Freud’s contributions, and although he felt Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development, he was still influenced by Freud, which caused some similarities in their theories. . Even though Erikson had eight stages compared to†¦show more content†¦Erikson believed that during this age children begin realizing that they have a will and they begin to understand that their actions are their own. Children will begin to accept and proclaim their own independence. However, just like Freud, Erikson believed t hat if parents are too strict with their children, or punished them too harshly this could result with the child having unhealthy feelings of shame and doubt. There is another similarity seen at another period in each theorist’s stages of development. Freud’s last stage is called the Genital Stage and takes place from puberty onward. This stage is described as â€Å"a time of sexual reawakening† and the young adult looks outside the family in search of sexual pleasure. After some time the person will be able to become an independent adult and will involve themselves in a mature, loving relationship. Freud has a stage similar to Freud’s genital stage, although he believed this developmental part of a person’s life occurred later than at the onset of puberty. He called this stage Intimacy versus Isolation and believed it happened during early adulthood when a person is in their twenties or thirties. 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